Organ Donation Opt-in or Opt-Out That Is the Question free essay sample

Organ Donation Opt-in or opt-out that is the question This assignment will help us explore and understand the concepts of both the opt-in system of organ and tissue donation and the opt-out system, which I will compare and contrast through looking at both systems used in different countries throughout Europe. And also I will look at how they relate to beneficence and non-maleficence. The opt-in system is based on the view that every person has a choice whether or not to go on the organ donation register, and in this system of donation in most cases the family or another person close of the person who is dying will have the last say whether or not any organs or tissues can be taken. There is then the opt-out system or presumed consent that works on the premise that unless you state that you do not want to donate tissues or solid organs, they can be taken without consent, in most European countries that have this system of donation the families are consulted before any organs or tissues are taken. We will also look at my views and beliefs on organ donation at the start of the essay and how I have come to have them; I probably have a very beneficencial view around the subject, as I would like to think when I die someone else may benefit from my gift of donation. With my old views taken into account I will then strongly critique them, and with an open mind look at the whole picture to see which system I think would be the best option in my opinion, my views may well stay the same as when I first started.Then when I have looked at both systems in depth and got a greater understanding of how they both work, I will try to offer a reflection on how my views, and if they have changed I will convey how this has come about. Whilst looking at the opt-in and the opt-out systems, we have to bear in mind that both are there for the same reason and that is the saving of lives through donation.The UK and other countries around Europe, Germany being one use the opt-in system, which uses the m edium of advertising to entice and prick the conscience of people to join the organ donor register (ODR), and as this may be a very good way of attracting new members onto the (ODR) people still seem not to join, this may sometimes be put down to forgetfulness or just to the fact that a lot of people just do not want to think about dying. This does seem to be a major stumbling block where getting people on the (ODR), is concerned.This does leave close relatives with big decisions to make at a very traumatic time. A survey was undertaken in 2007 in the UK and showed that 70% of people that were asked if when they died would give their organs or tissues for transplantation but only 20% were on the Organ Donor register (The Guardian). This seems to show that the opt-out system would probably work better in this country as it would not really matter if they forgot to join the register.In most countries that use this system, families or a close friend would still be informed and their opinion would be taken into account, Spain being a good example of a country that uses the so called soft opt-out system, there system lets the family play a big part in decision making at the time of death and their views are taken into account, this seems to work well for them as they have the highest number of donors with 33 deceased orga n donors per million population.Eurobarometer European and Organ donation (2007), They have had this method of donation since 1979 and the director of national transplant organisation in Spain said the number of donors is not all down to the opt-out system, there was a large increase in donation in the 1990’s and this was down to the implementation of national procurement system. (NHSBT). There are then countries like Austria that have a more hard line hard opt-out system, this is where the families do not get asked their opinion, the organs are taken unless the dying person has raised an objection and opted out. This can be a mine field because sometimes not being on the register can mean the diseased did not have a full understanding rather than being in total agreement with the policy put in place.At the beginning of this essay I had limited view around the subject of organ donation a lot would say a little blinkered, as my view is that when I had departed this earth my body could be used to help someone else, that meaning any of my organs or tissues could be used for donation, I was not on the (ODR) but have since joined it and have made my wishes 100% clear and now believe that if some accident was to happen to me, my wife would know what I wanted to happen to my body thereafter, but a more open conversation would probably be more appropriate with other family members and people close to me.As I am not a religious person, I have never even thought or took into account any other persons beliefs systems regarding the giving or receiving of another person’s organs into or out of their bodies, I now feel I must broaden my knowledge on this, there are numerous religions I have looked at in my research most of which do give consent for donation but have their own rules on how the procedure and for what reasons they can take place, here are a few. the Amish religion believe that they will only give consent for the donation of organs if the outcome was not in any way questionable, i. . meaning the outcome should be a success however a renowned authority on Amish law   John Hostetler contradicts this by saying â€Å"since God created the human body , it should be God who heals it†. Burnard Chapman There is then the Jehovah’s Witnesses who do not as a whole give consent for donation but would rather leave it down to the individuals own conscience, they do say though that if one of their followers do donate or receive an organ all the blood must be first drained out of it, as being a Jehovah’s witness blood transfusions are forbidden this is part of their law. Thetransplant network). There was one religion that totally refuses the give consent for either the removal or implantation of organs this was the Shinto religion, they believe that once the person is diseased their body is considered to be impure and dangerous and to take or receive an organ would be considered very bad luck, even dissection for medical education is classed as injuring the body and would not be allowed in this ancient Japanese religion. (BBC Religions).We can see through looking at other belief systems, that other people’s opinions and views have to be taken in acco unt and looked into where organ donation is talked about, and it is not as straight cut as it can at a glance seem, my view as said above have been that of the utilitarian or beneficencial one and if my organs can help numerous people after my death that would be my wish, as if I was in need of an organ I would hope there was one there for me.I obviously wouldn’t want my organs to be wasted so a system that could speed things up at the time of death would probably be a better option, this seems to be the hard opt-out system, but at the moment there is no chance of this system being brought into the UK.Although the more family friendly soft opt-out system may become legislation in Wales shortly, ex-Prime Minister Gordon Brown stated in 2008 that it would be a good idea for the UK to use the opt-out system as the waiting lists are just getting longer under the current system, and as a number of other countries in Europe already use the opt-out system and we have seen the number of donors increase it would be an all-round better system for the UK ( BBC News Chanel). Beneficence By definition the word beneficence meaning to do an act that would benefit thers, in the medical sense of the word, and especially when dealing with organ donation to act in a beneficencial way would be to donate an organ or tissue by having a donor card and after death the gift of donation could take place, or to donate while still alive, Kidneys are donated from live donors on a regular basis and both donor to donor can live a normal life. Non-Maleficence Non-maleficence means to â€Å"do no harm†, so non-maleficence in the respect of organ donation means that the outcomes of any procedure undertaken have to be of greater benefit to the person receiving them than damage that may occur.In the case of Mr and Mrs Srinivas, who were operated on by professor Nigel Heaton team of Kings college London, the experience of their son Mr AV Srinivas was that his father had been diagnosed with liver disease in 2002 and transplantation took place in April 2003 at the Global Hospital, a private hospital in Hyderabad India, the donor was his mother to which he had no problem, as all the information that had been given said that there should be no out of the ordinary risks or problems, they were not alerted to the lower success rates between adult to adult live donors, and that there is a higher success rates in adult to child donors.On the day of the transplant both were said to be fit to operate on, but within 48 hours of the operation his mother had a cardiac arrest and resuscitation took too some time leading to brain damage and now she is in a permanent vegetative state, then his father’s situation got worst and he died within two weeks of the operation, the death certificate said the cause of death was multi-organ failure due to fungal septicaemia.This shows non-maleficence is not always the case and â€Å"to do no harm† does fail sometimes it also shows that if the Doctors had given all the correct information that they should have to Mr Mrs Srinivas or the rest of the family, it could of lead to different decision being made, thus leading to the death of one and permanent vegetation of another.This shows that even though the Doctors started out with the all good intentions and â€Å"no harm† was intended, things can go wrong, ethically the Doctors were wrong not to give full and easy to understand information should have been given so the families could have come to the right decision for them . ( Living donor liver transplantation. Indian Medical Ethics Journal). ReflectionMy views at the beginning of the essay, was that I definitely wanted to donate my organs and this has stayed the same, the only change I would make is, that I would change the system we use in the UK to the opt-out system, as I think the opt-out system would help free up more organs for donation, I would use the soft opt-out system though as I think ethically it would be a good idea to ask the family about their views at the time of death.Conclusion This assignment has help me explore and understand the concepts of both the opt-in system of organ and tissue donation and the opt-out system, which I have compared and contrasted through looking at both systems used in different countries throughout Europe. And also I have looked at how they relate to beneficence and non-maleficence.As we have seen the opt-in system is based on the view that every person has a choice whether or not to go on the organ donation register, and in this system of dona tion in most cases, and that the family or another person close of the person who is dying will have the last say whether or not any organs or tissues can be taken.I then looked at the opt-out system or presumed consent that works on the premise that unless you state that you do not want to donate tissues or organs, they can then be taken without consent, in most European countries I found that the countries that use this system of donation the families are consulted before any organs or tissues are taken. I also looked at my views and beliefs on organ donation at the start of the essay and how I have come to have them. With my views taken into account I then strongly critiqued them, and with an open mind looked at the whole picture to see which system I think would be the best option in my opinion, my view has stayed the same as when I started the essay as I think the opt-out system would help free up more organs for donation. Then when I have looked at both systems in depth and got a greater understanding of how they both work, I will try to offer a reflection on how my views, and if they have changed I will convey how this has come about. References

Teen Violence Essay Example For Students

Teen Violence Essay Do you think teens know what they are doing when they commit a crime? Do you think teens understand the danger they are causing to the people and themselves? The answer depends on how the person deals with problems, how their past was and their environment in which they lived in. Teen Violence is very common in this nation and people dont know how to deal with it. I think teens commit these crimes out of anger, jealousy, or they do it to fit in. Kids need to probably murder or steal to be accepted into a gang. Teens who live in an aggressive, destructive, hostile, brutal and cruel home often follow the footsteps of another who acts in that manner. Any many kids murder other people out of jealousy too. If a girl or a boy sees another person with something beautiful or they see something they want, out of spite and jealousy they would wind up killing the person. As a result of this violence teens either go to jail, Juvenal Hall, or boot camp. I think these teens need help. They need s omeone to talk to. Counseling in my opinion is the best thing for them. Instead of being in jail with other criminals who encourage them to do greater violence, and brain wash their minds with filth from the streets.Counseling helps with the childes inner emotions. Thats what counts right! So to conclude, Teen Violence needs to be reduced by the adults who can help and care for every teen. We will write a custom essay on Teen Violence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Words/ Pages : 308 / 24

Software Engineering Project Failure Essays

Software Engineering Project Failure Essays Software Engineering Project Failure Paper Software Engineering Project Failure Paper This report is about software engineering project failures. In this report, I will first examine the importance of a good software engineering manager to a project. Then, I will identify major reasons for software engineering project fails within the software industry. At last, some suggestion about reducing project failure rates according to the knowledge and best practices will be provided. Manager is essential to software engineering project There are nine project management knowledge areas: integration, scope, time, cost, quality, risk, communication, procurement, and human resource management (see A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, Project Management Inst. , 2000). Failing to address any of these areas will result in repeatedly diminishing a project’s outcome. This stresses the importance of a good manager to a successful software engineering project. In Mohammad’s individual case, the reasons of the failure of the project were almost caused by the manager’s failing in good performance. (Rob, 2003) Then, what characteristics should a good manager has? First, he should be responsible and have a good leading ability to manage his team to work well together. Second, he should have strong communication ability which will help him to work well with his team as well as his clients. Third, the technique skill is very important with which he will have a broad view. Forth, he should have a critical mind which will make him have a strong problem solving ability. Reasons that cause software engineering project failures As software engineering project failures cannot be totally avoided, examining the reason why it happens help us to reduce failures. Lack of project study Project study is very important to any software engineering project, as it helps team members to have a clear understanding about the project. Without project study, team members may not know what they are doing. This could have bad effect on the project. There are five factors (TELOS) should be included in the project study, which are technical, economic, legal, operational, schedule (Keyes, 2008). And the primary performance objectives for the software deliverable should also be established. Lack of communication The communication both among a project team and between a team and the client is very important. Communication among a team not only makes team members to work better, but also helps senior management to get the information about the work so that senior management could make timely decision. Communication between a team and client help the team to get a better understanding about the client’s requirement, thus their work is improved. Lack of communication will be a disaster of a team. They may not be well organized. Work finished by team members may not be fitted to each others. And the finished work may not fulfill client’s requirement. Thus, software engineering project failure may happen. Using new or unfamiliar contractors: New contractors are not familiar with the project’s personalities and systems design complexities. Changing contractor will cause this problem and is also a waste. So, choosing a good contractor who has an ongoing business relationship with a project group and avoid long-distance and out-of-country subcontracts which will make it difficult to form closer communication is very important. (Rob, 2003) Suggestion on reducing software engineering project failure 1. The manager should conduct a good project study within the team at the beginning of a project. Practitioners should establish the primary performance objectives for the software deliverable, as these will greatly drive the type of development model and mix of practices they should use (Maccormack, Kemerer, Cusumano amp; Crandall, 2003). 2. The manager should conduct enough, efficient and effective communication. Face-to-face meetings, discussions, temporal collocation, and exchange visits should be organized to figure out where they are and check if the work is going as expected (Smite amp; Wholin, 2011). . Avoid changing contractors, as new contractors are not familiar with the project’s personalities and systems design complexities. Choose a contractor who has an ongoing business relationship with a project group and avoid long-distance and out-of-country subcontracts which will make it difficult to form closer communication (Rob, 2003). 4. Reliable infrastructure, including a centralized repository, common configuration management tools, and rich communication media should be invested in, which will help the team to work better (Smite amp; Wholin, 2011). . The manager should choose useful team members. A team member chosen by manager should have a strong ability to work and communicate with other team members. And also, he should be well educated and have good technique skills. 6. To achieve all the point above, a perfect manager is indispensable. So, a perfect is very essential to a software engineering project. Reference: Rob, M. A. ; , Project failures in small companies, Software, IEEE , vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 94- 95, Nov. -Dec. 2003 MacCormack, A. ; Kemerer, C. F. ; Cusumano, M. Crandall, B. ; , Trade-offs between productivity and quality in selecting software development practices, Software, IEEE , vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 78- 85, Sept. Oct. 2003 El Emam, K. ; Koru, A. G. ; , A Replicated Survey of IT Software Project Failures, Software, IEEE , vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 84-90, Sept. -Oct. 2008 Keyes, in  Leading IT Projects: The IT Managers Guide,, CRC Press, Aug. 2008. Smite, D. ; Wohlin, C. ; , A Whisper of Evidence in Global Software Engineering, Software, IEEE , vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 15-18, July-Aug. 2011

How to Create Emotional Messaging That Resonates [PODCAST]

How to Create Emotional Messaging That Resonates [PODCAST] You’ve probably read uninspiring, forgettable content. Having emotional messaging helps you connect with prospects, creating trust and relationships that can lead to sales. Today we’re chatting with Emma Tupa. Emma is the product marketing specialist at and is an expert on conversion copywriting. She uses just the right messaging to help clients find solutions to their problems and to make ’s content memorable and trustworthy. If you want to know how to create emotional messaging to stand out, build relationships and sell more, you won’t want to miss out on today’s show! Emma’s background and how she ended up being the product marketing specialist at , as well as what Emma does on the product marketing team. Emma’s definition of product marketing and how it helps create relationships that can lead to sales. Why it’s important to include emotion in the copy that you write and how to figure out which types of emotional messaging would best resonate with your clients. Emma’s thoughts on finding a good message when you have a diverse clientele, as well as why it’s important to have an idea customer in mind. How to tell whether your messaging is effective and actually working to help you build relationships and create conversions. Some easy ways to jump-start adding some emotional messaging into your copy. Incorporating humor into your copy: How to do it with GIFs, hashtags, and more. What Emma recommends for someone hoping to improve their writing. Links: Emma Tupa PopKey Copy Hackers If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Emma: â€Å"We are writing for an actual person. We aren’t writing for ourselves or for a robot. We need to be able to relate.† â€Å"It’s all about the research and putting yourself in your ideal customer’s shoes. â€Å"You can’t write for everyone when you try to satisfy too many people, you’re really satisfying no one.†

The Goal novel - Supply Chain Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Goal novel - Supply Chain Managment - Essay Example The other way is to identify the hidden capacity within the plant be it in the machineries or the workers and utilize them. Alex identified that the goal of the plant and which he has to attain is to make money (Goldratt & Cox 46). In order to meet his goal, he will need anything that will bring him closer to attain it that is anything productive and identify all the bottlenecks preventing the attainment of the goal and do away with them. Managerial decision making is not an easy chore and it requires patience and a lot of team work. The manager also needs to seek advice from those with experience and try an all rounded approach for better results. Jonah was giving advice that was far too difficult and technical for Alex and it made him work even harder to figure it out, run the plant in the meanwhile and all these at the expense of his family. The more time he took to figure out Jonah’s advice, the more time his personal life

Leadership Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Population Change In Province Of Canada Essay Example for Free

Population Change In Province Of Canada Essay Introduction As per the Canada’s Performance Report 2006 – life expectancy in Canada reached to 79.9 years as compared to 77.8 years in 1991.  Ã‚   A woman born in 2003 can expect longevity up to 82.4 years whereas a man’s life expectancy would be 77.4 years. Statistics Canada, The Daily, December 21, 2005 states that women are expected to live 5 years longer than men.   At present, Canadians describe health as â€Å"excellent†, â€Å"very good† which has increased in the recent years of 2003 and 2005. Canadians who are at age 12 and older,   state that good health is being enjoyed which has risen from 59. 6 per cent (2003) to 65.5 per cent   (2005).   The overall health percentage in Canadians stating as â€Å"good† declined from 29.7 percent (2003) to   27.5 percent (2005). Canadians who rate health as â€Å"fair† or â€Å"poor† also declined from 10.6 percent (2003) to 6.9 percent (2005). This segment of population mostly belongs to lower level of income, improper schedules of exercise,   poor education and old age. (Canada Statistics, 2006) .   According to Canadian Institute of Health Information, Canada spent $142.0 billion on health care in 2005, an increase of $12.0 from the year 2004, an average spending of $4,411 per person. Infant mortality   has dropped in the previous decade from 6.4 deaths per 1,000 births (1991) to 5.3 / 1000 births (2003) . Crime percentage in murder, homicide, and robbery in Canada declined to 5.0 percent (2005) and police report 1.2 million property crimes in 2005.   Youth crime between the age 12-17 has decreased by 6.0 percent in the year 2005 while homicides are on the rise in Ontario and Alberta. The   population of Canada by province as on April 1, 2007 Sno Province Abbr. Population % of national population Alberta AB 3,473,984 10.5 British Columbia BC 4,380,256 13.2 Manitoba MB 1,186,679 3.6 New Brunswick NB 749,782 2.3 Newfoundland and Labrador NL 506,275 1.5 Northwest Territories NT 42,637 0.1 Nova Scatia NS 934,147 2.8 Nunavut NU 31,113 0.1 Ontario ON 12,803,861 38.8 Prince Edward Island PE 138,627 0.4 Quebec QC 7,700,807 23.4 Saskatchewan SK 996,869 3.0 Yukon YT 30,989 0.1 As recorded by Canada’s National Statistical Agency in population statistics: 1991-1996  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Total No.of births  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1,936,000  Ã‚  Ã‚   No.of deaths: 1,024,000 1996-2001  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Total No.of births  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1,705,000  Ã‚  Ã‚   No.of deaths: 1,089,000 Total no.of births by province from the period 2002-2007 Province 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 Canada 330,523 337,762 339,270 345,355 352,848 Newfoundland and Labrador 4,596 4,598 4,543 4,443 4,326 Prince Edward Island 1,374 1,403 1,371 1,343 1,348 Nova Scotia 8,635 8,713 8,575 8,499 8,382 New Brunswick 7,104 7,072 6,874 6,840 6,728 Quebec 72,273 74,364 75,422 78,471 83,150 Ontario 129,256 132,874 132,796 133,961 134,141 Manitoba 13,765 13,981 14,031 14,136 14,166 Saskatchewan 11,794 12,121 11,915 11,925 11,918 Alberta 39,450 40,635 41,345 42,875 44,661 British Columbia 40,534 40,205 40,631 41,135 42,306 Yukon Territory 322 374 340 319 311 Northwest Territories 658 697 705 699 678 Nunavut 762 725 722 709 733 Total no.of deaths by province from the period 2002-2007 Province 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 Canada 223,905 228,829 229,372 230,687 237,931 Newfoundland and Labrador 4,276 4,254 4,357 4,453 4,549 Prince Edward Island 1,217 1,225 1,236 1,260 1,282 Nova Scotia 7,944 8,269 8,329 8,491 8,654 New Brunswick 6,181 6,373 6,319 6,453 6,589 Quebec 54,896 56,411 56,041 53,350 55,950 Ontario 83,410 84,155 84,495 87,181 89,737 Manitoba 9,852 9,894 9,989 10,130 10,272 Saskatchewan 8,880 9,130 8,900 8,975 9,079 Alberta 18,098 18,775 19,004 19,757 20,581 British Columbia 28,694 29,863 30,254 30,174 30,761 Yukon Territory 145 158 169 177 182 Northwest Territories 183 188 155 159 163 Nunavut 129 134 124 127 132 Conclusion A close observation on birth and death rate in Canada if noticed, reveals a fact that birth rate is on the rise whereas death rate is on the declining side, which is a first hand information that Canada is concentrating on health sector of its population, in the first instance and secondly the causes for still reducing the death rate can be controlled by effective measures of police control in crime and also in opening rehabilitation centers for youth and children for getting therapy treatment from undertaking anti-social elements such as theft, robbery, murder or homicide.   Canada being an attractive destination for immigration, the future population is expected to be on the rise as there was a tremendous potential for employment growth in the year 2005. References    Canada’s performance Report 2006 – Annex 3 – Indicators and Additional Information Accessed 14 November, 2007    http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/report/govrev/06/ann301-PR_e.asp?printable=True       Canada’s National statistical Agency,   Population growth and components (1851-2001) Accessed 14 November, 2007 http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo03.htm       Canada’s National Statistical Agency Accessed 14 November, 2007 http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo02.htm    Canada’s National Statistical Agency, Birth and birth rate by province and territory http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo04a.htm    Canada’s National Statistical Agency, Death and death rate by province and territory    http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo07a.htm    List of Canadian provinces and territories by population    Accessed 14 November, 2007    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories_by_population    Population estimates and projections    Accessed 14 November, 2007 http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/ind01/l3_3867_3433.htm?hili_demo02